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Diplomatically, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Pakistan have taken a major step by inking the Mecca (Makkah) Joint Defence Agreement. The trilateral pact was signed by Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and Pakistan’s Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif on Aug 7 in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Guided by their historical ties and Islamic solidarity,

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Fall 2025: Issue 43