by Shah Khalid 14 November 2023
The geopolitical landscape of greater Eurasia is witnessing a significant transformation, shaped by the robust triangular alliance between Azerbaijan, Pakistan, and Turkey. This dynamic partnership holds strategic significance in security, economics, and diplomacy, strengthened by historical ties, military collaboration, humanitarian efforts, economic ambitions, and diplomatic unity. The pivotal role of Turkey and Pakistan on Azerbaijan’s side in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War further underscored these nations’ cohesion and shared goals.
The roots of this strategic partnership delve into the historical ties between Turkey and Pakistan, dating back before the latter’s independence in 1947. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, both Turkey and Pakistan swiftly recognized Azerbaijan as a newly independent nation-state. The depth of these relations is epitomized by President Erdogan’s frequent visits to Azerbaijan, exceeding 20 times during his presidency, often described by the phrase “one nation, two states.”
The military dimension of this trilateral relationship is substantial. Between 2016 and 2019, Turkey surpassed the United States to become Pakistan’s fourth-largest arms importer, showcasing a strong defense collaboration. Turkey’s military technology transfers to Pakistan, including drone parts, naval vessels, and bombs, have positioned Turkey as a crucial arms dealer for Pakistan, allowing it to diversify its sources.
However, the relationship is not one-sided. Turkey, facing restrictions on missile and fighter aircraft systems from the West, turns to Pakistan for joint development. Azerbaijan, too, has witnessed a surge in Turkish arms sales, particularly after the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, where Turkish drones played a pivotal role. The strategic cooperation in military endeavors extends beyond sales, with discussions on supporting Turkey’s nuclear program.
Azerbaijan’s influence in Pakistan extends beyond the military realm. The Heydar Aliyev Foundation, led by Azerbaijan’s First Lady Mehriban Aliyeva, has played a crucial role in humanitarian efforts. Projects in education, ecology, and health, such as the all-girls school in Musaffarabad and the Heydar Aliyev Water Supply Scheme in Dera Ismail Khan, showcase Azerbaijan’s commitment to positive contributions in Pakistan.
In the wake of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, the trilateral alliance has taken substantial steps to solidify relations. The Baku Declaration, signed in July 2021, emphasizes cultural ties, mutual respect, and growing confidence. However, joint military drills, such as “Three Brothers—2021,” have raised geopolitical tensions, particularly with Iran, demonstrating the far-reaching implications of this alliance.
Recognizing the economic potential, discussions among Ankara, Baku, and Islamabad have revolved around intensifying collaboration in trade, investment, transportation, tourism, and banking. The “Islamabad Declaration,” signed in January, reflects the shared commitment to deepening economic ties, providing a blueprint for future cooperation.
Diplomacy and soft power play pivotal roles in the trilateral relationship. The shared stance on global issues, such as Kashmir, Cyprus, and anti-terrorism operations, ensures that none of these countries stands diplomatically isolated. The support from Turkey and Azerbaijan has been crucial for Pakistan’s position on Kashmir, leading to friction with India.
Thus, the Azerbaijan-Pakistan-Turkey alliance is a multifaceted partnership that weaves together historical ties, military collaboration, humanitarian efforts, economic ambitions, and diplomatic unity. The shared goals, mutual benefits, and the potential for future growth position this tripartite relationship as a dynamic force in the geopolitics of greater Eurasia. As these nations navigate challenges and explore opportunities, their alliance remains a cornerstone for regional stability and progress. The cohesive bond between Azerbaijan, Pakistan, and Turkey presents a model for strategic partnerships in a rapidly evolving global landscape.