by Dilip Hiro 10 October 2019
Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman is aggressive in his pursuit of power. His efforts to gain a global reputation as a reformer for Saudi Arabia and foster good relations with the United States under Donald Trump have done little to mask a series of misadventures that have left him isolated: Saudi intervention in the Yemen civil war since 2015, when he served as defense minister, with indiscriminate attacks investigated as war crimes; upending the Saudi succession plan in 2017 while putting competitors under house arrest; targeting Qatar with a blockade for its good relations with Iran and Turkey in 2017; and suspected connections with the 2018 murder and dismemberment of journalist Jamal Khashoggi in a Saudi consulate in Istanbul. Amid such mayhem, bin Salman had hoped to revitalize the Saudi economy with a massive reform program, Vision 2030, funded by privatization of a small percentage of state-owned Armaco, the world’s largest oil company. Then in September, a few missiles crippled Aramco, with Houthi rebels based in Yemen claiming responsibility. Yemen is the poorest country in the Middle East. Investors and allies are risk averse, not wanting to get caught up in the hostilities. – YaleGlobal
Rash moves by the Saudi crown prince combined with its oil-industry vulnerabilities put investors and allies on guardDilip HiroThursday, October 10, 2019
LONDON: A series of rash moves made by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, the de facto ruler of Saudi Arabia, including his attempt to isolate Qatar by imposing a land, sea and air blockade on the emirate and suspected role in giving the green light on the murder of dissident Saudi columnist Jamal Khashoggi, have left him isolated diplomatically while severely undermining his Vision 2030 project to diversify the kingdom’s oil-based economy. The vulnerability of Saudi Aramco’s oil facilities, as shown by the 14 September attacks, has gravely shaken investor confidence in buying a stake in the state-owned company to be privatized in stages.
Given the zero-sum relationship between Riyadh and Tehran, a setback for the Saudi Kingdom translates as a boost for Iran at a time when US President Donald Trump is wary of starting a new war in the Middle East that would fatally sink his chance of reelection.
The gory murder and dismemberment of Khashoggi by a hit team of Saudi government agents on 2 October 2018 took the shine off his façade as a modernizing liberal. And by triggering a boycott from the prominent Western corporations and media groups, the gruesome crime contributed to virtual collapse of his much-hyped Future Investment Initiative conference in Riyadh to attract overseas investment an his ambitious plan to wean the kingdom away from oil.
The following spring, against the background of rising tensions in the Gulf, Iran carried out a sabotage attack on oil tankers in the territorial waters of the United Arab Emirates, capping this with the strike on a US drone on 20 June. Tehran’s overt and covert military capabilities led the UAE to distance itself from the Saudi Kingdom in the four-year-long war against the Houthis in Yemen.
The Saudi crown prince’s isolation was highlighted in mid-September when even his close ally President Donald Trump balked at taking on their common arch adversary – Iran – after a catastrophic missile-and-drone attack on Saudi oil facilities. Tehran-allied Houthis claimed responsibility while US officials blamed Iran. Trump offered token support by sending a small detachment of US military technicians to bolster the kingdom’s air and missile defenses.
Despite the devastating assault on the lifeblood of Saudi economy, the crown prince has so far failed to punish the Houthis by unleashing air raids on them, as he had done before in the wake of lesser salvos by the Houthis.
A series of setbacks has put him in a chastened mood.
● In May, after four oil tankers, including two owned by Saudi Arabia, were damaged within UAE territorial waters near the port of Fujairah just outside the strategically vital Strait of Hormuz, the UAE conducted an investigation. Its report, presented to the UN Security Council in early June, concluded that the attacks showed a “high degree of sophistication” and that a “state actor” was most likely behind them. But, to the deep disappointment of Riyadh and Washington, the report did not specifically name Iran.
Iran’s offshore Abu Musa Island is just 50 kilometers from the UAE’s coast. And the prospering, vibrant UAE port city of Dubai is 150 kilometers from Iran’s coastline. Little wonder that an unnamed UAE official was quoted as saying that the Iranians could cause havoc with a few missiles and that Emiratis had to protect their own interests, first and foremost.
● In June, the UAE, run by its crown prince, Mohammed bin Zayed, announced on Twitter the withdrawal of the Emirati forces from Yemen after four years. The UAE left behind foreign mercenaries trained by its military who back separatists in the South, operating under the Southern Transitional Council, or STC, against the Saudi-backed government of President Abd Rabbu Mansour Hadi, based in Riyadh. The STC wants to undo the unification of North Yemen and South Yemen in 1990, and recreate South Yemen as an independent state. The UAE’s ostensible but unconvincing reason was that the Hadi camp is supported by the Al Islah, or the Reform group, an Islamic party affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood, which the UAE considers a mortal ideological enemy.
By so doing, the UAE lessened tensions with the Houthis and thus avoided being targeted by their latest missiles with an extended range.
● On 9 July Trump warmly received Qatari Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani at the White House. Trump effusively praised the emir for buying “tremendous amounts of military equipment, including planes,” and investing heavily in the United States. Using his characteristically hyperbolic style, Trump referred to Qatar’s Al Udeid Air Base, home to about 11,000 US troops, “one of the great military bases anywhere in the world.”
The previous night, at the dinner hosted by US Secretary of the Treasury Steve Mnuchin, the emir joked to guests, including Trump, “You should all be happy – especially you, Mr. President – to hear that there is a trade deficit between our countries that favors the United States of America.”
The visit brought into relief Prince Bin Salman’s failure to isolate Emir Al Thani in June 2017 by imposing a land, sea and air blockade on Qatar – in association with Bahrain, a virtual appendage to the Saudi Kingdom; the UAE; and Egypt – for refusing to sever its normal economic and diplomatic relations with Iran. His precipitate move proved grossly counterproductive. To keep its population supplied with adequate food and medicine, and continue building stadiums for the 2022 FIFA World Cup, Qatar strengthened its commercial links with Iran and military ties with Turkey, a rival to Saudi Arabia in the Sunni world.
Khashoggi, then in self-exile in the United States, with 1.5 million followers on Twitter primarily in the Arab world, excoriated Prince Bin Salman’s rash decision in his Washington Post column. That earned Khashoggi the Crown Prince’s undying hostility. Earlier Khashoggi had relentlessly assailed the prince for his indiscriminate bombardment of Yemen, the poorest Arab state, which has by now caused 70,000 deaths, according to the UN.
At the Houthis’ 18 September press conference in Sanaa, their army spokesman Brigadier General Yahya Sarea substantiated the claim of responsibility for the 14 September attack on Saudi oil facilities, revealing that these targets were struck by Qasif K2 cruise missiles and Samad 3 drones possessing a range of 1,700 kilometers, more than twice the 770 kilometers that separate the Yemeni border from Saudi Arabia’s Abqaiq plant. These weapons, he added, were launched from three sites and timed to reach their targets from different angles simultaneously.
It is likely that the Quds unit of Tehran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps assisted the Houthis in implementing the complex plan, running parallel to British and US military advisers assisting the Saudi Air Force in choosing targets and training pilots in Riyadh’s war against Houthis in Yemen.
Saudi oil officials are working furiously to ensure that the Abqaiq crude oil purifying facility is back to full capacity by November, the month when the initial public offering of 1 percent of Saudi Aramco shares are scheduled for sale on the Riyadh Stock Exchange. This is to be the first step of the planned 5 percent sale of the Saudi corporation overseas on a stock exchange, as yet undecided. Foreign investors would have to be reassured beyond any doubt that Saudi Aramco had made itself immune to such devastating attacks as the one that occured on 14 September – a tough call.
By pursuing reckless policies against domestic dissidence as well as the regional alliance of the Houthis and pro-Qatari Iranians, the Saudi Crown Prince has turned himself into a friendless potentate and eroded foreign investor confidence in his middle-term economic plan while, inadvertently, raising the standing of Iran.
Dilip Hiro is the author of Cold War in the Islamic World: Saudi Arabia, Iran and the Struggle for Supremacy, published by Oxford University Press, New York; Hurst Publishers, London; and HarperCollins India, Noida. Read an excerpt.
The article appeared in the Yaleglobal online on 10 October 2019