The incidence of jihadist radicalisation in India, across all its states, remains remarkably low when compared to West Asia, Africa and even Europe. Of the 177 ISIS sympathisers arrested by the National Investigation Agency (NIA) since 2014, Tamil Nadu, at 34, accounted for the largest number of those arrested, as of February 2020. 26 ISIS sympathisers were arrested from Maharashtra, 25 from Uttar Pradesh, 19 from Kerala, 17 from Telangana and 11 from Jammu and Kashmir.1
Tamil Nadu accounting for the high number of arrests may be the result of a specific campaign launched by the NIA in Coimbatore in 2019, wherein seven operatives were arrested for propagating ISIS ideology on social media with the intention of carrying out attacks both in Tamil Nadu and Kerala.2 Nevertheless, the NIA arrests have certainly highlighted pockets of growing jihadist radicalisation in Tamil Nadu.
Historical Context
The state witnessed sporadic incidents of violent extremism in the past, when groups like Al Umma carried out the infamous Coimbatore blasts in February 1998. The blasts were in response to communal riots in the city, the previous year. A total of 58 people were killed and over 200 injured in 12 bomb attacks in 11 places.
The blasts were a criminal conspiracy to target L.K. Advani, leader of the BJP who escaped unhurt during an election rally. S.A. Basha, the founder of Al Ummah, was among the more than 180 arrested and convicted by the courts. An accused, N.P. Noohu, evaded arrest for 20 years but was eventually arrested in Kerala in 2018.3
The early and late 2000s did not witness major extremist activities. However, with the advent of ISIS in India, there were instances of youth getting radicalised locally and through social media. In 2014, Tamil Nadu police arrested two persons in Ramnathapuram district for printing and selling ISIS T-shirts. Later, a photo on twitter was widely circulated showing 26 youths clad in black T-shirts with ISIS emblem posing in front of a mosque.4
In April 2015, Subahani Haja Moideen, a native of Tirunelveli district, went to Iraq to join ISIS. After undergoing religious and arms training, he was deployed with an ISIS military formation, Umar Ibnu Khatab Khatiba, headed by French national Abu Suleiman, who was later killed. Haja Moideen returned to India in September 2015 and attempted to procure explosive chemicals from Sivakasi, with the sole intention to carry out terrorist attacks in India.5 After his arrest in October 2016, he was found guilty by the NIA Special court and sentenced to life imprisonment.
According to the Intelligence Bureau (IB) dossier, the Al-Umma outfit, which subsequently changed its name to The Base Movement, carried out several blasts in Mallapuram court premises in Kerala and outside the BJP’s office in Malleshwaram in Bengaluru in 2016.6 Affiliated to Al Qaeda, this outfit also sent out threatening letters to the judiciary, prisons and senior government officials.
Diaspora Concerns
Tamil Nadu borders Kerala and Karnataka, states with large migrant populations exposed to radicalism in West Asia. A large Tamil diaspora reside in Southeast Asia as well. Radical Salafi jihadist groups are active in Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia (particularly the restive Aceh province), southern Philippines, and Malaysia.
Tamilians constitute a sizeable section of the local populations in some of these countries. These people still have active links with the place of their origin. It is reported that there are almost 19 lakh Tamils in Malaysia, about 500,000 in Singapore and 75,000 in Indonesia.
This population is susceptible to the propaganda of various Islamist groups in the region, some of whom are affiliates of Al-Qaeda and ISIS, such as Jemaah Al-Islamiyah and Lashkar Jundullah (Indonesia), Abu Sayyaf group (Southern Philippines), and Kumpulan Mujahidin (Malaysia).
Analysts flag instances of Tamilians getting radicalised in South East Asian countries.7 In 2014, a Singaporean Tamil, Haja Fakrudden, travelled to Syria and joined ISIS. Another Singaporean, Gul Mohammed Mariakar, was deported to India for distributing jihadi literature and radicalising Usmal Ali, who joined ISIS in Syria. The ISIS’ media wing, Al Isabah, had in the past also released speeches of Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi in the Tamil language.8
The Tamil-Muslim mistrust in Sri Lanka has spilled over into Tamil Nadu. About 72,000 Muslims from Sri Lanka’s Northern Province were forcibly expelled by the LTTE in October 1990.9 This is suspected to have created a sense of resentment among some sections of Tamil Nadu’s Muslims.10
The Saudi–funded Tamil Nadu Thowheed Jamath (TNTJ) came into the limelight during investigations into the 2019 Easter bombings in Sri Lanka.11 The main group behind the Easter bombings was the National Thowheed Jamaath (NTJ), termed an ‘ideological offspring’ of TNTJ, by analysts.12
Conclusion
The focus of study for jihadist indoctrination and violence by Indian security experts has largely been confined to the Af-Pak front or limited to the country’s western coastal states. Equal attention needs to be given to countering threats of radicalisation affecting India from Southeast Asia as well.
- 1.‘Arrest of people with links to Islamic State by NIA: TN tops list, Maharashtra and UP next’, The News Minute, February 18, 2020.
- 2.‘Islamic State link: NIA arrests TN man who befriended Sri Lanka bomber on Facebook in Coimbatore raids’, India Today, June 12, 2019.
- 3.E.T.B. Sivapriyan, ‘Coimbatore blast accused arrested after 20 years’, The Deccan Herald, September 11, 2018.
- 4.J Sam Daniel Stalin, ‘Two Arrested in Tamil Nadu Over Group Photo in ISIS T-shirts’, NDTV, August 5, 2014; Vicky Nanjappa, ‘Why the ISIS menace haunting Tamil Nadu cannot be ignored’, One India, November 1, 2019.
- 5.‘NIA Special Court Ernakulam Sentences ISIS Terrorist Subahani Haja Mohideen to Life Imprisonment’, National Investigation Agency, September 28, 2020.
- 6.Vicky Nanjappa, ‘Base Movement: How did this Tamil Nadu based terror group get its name’, One India, November 29, 2016.
- 7.Vikram Rajkumar, ‘Tamil Nadu in the shadow of ISIS’, Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, Vol. 7. No. 6, July 2015, pp. 12-17.
- 8.Udit Thakur, ‘The Islamic State Eyes Expansion and Recruitment in India’, Terrorism Monitor, Vol. 12, Issue 17, September 15, 2014.
- 9.Latheef Farook, ‘Seeking peaceful solutions to Muslims’ grievances in East’. The Sunday Times, August 17, 2008.
- 10.AMR Imtiyaz, ‘The Displaced Northern Muslims of Sri Lanka (2)’, Sri Lanka Guardian, August 12, 2011; Also See P.K. Balachandran, ‘En Masse expulsion of Muslims from North Lanka was ‘Blessing in disguise’, The New Indian Express, June 28, 2016.
- 11.‘Tamil Nadu Thowheed Jamath now on intelligence watch list’, The New Indian Express, April 26, 2019.
- 12.rahma Chellany, ‘Sri Lanka’s Easter bombings have Indian links & pose a serious security threat’, The Print, April 27, 2019.