by Muhammad Wasama Khalid 31 August 2023
The nation that was once acknowledged as one of the globe’s largest and most dynamic democracies is presently grappling with challenges that imperil the very underpinnings of its democratic tenets. This erosion is characterized by a sequence of occurrences, policy alterations, and ideological transitions that have elicited queries regarding the prospective trajectory of democratic governance within the nation.
Central to this erosion is the ascendancy of Hindutva ideology, a nationalist and insular construal of Hinduism aiming to institute a Hindu-majoritarian state. Hindutva has garnered significant prominence in the landscape of Indian politics, molding policies, exerting influence over decisions, and molding the socio-cultural framework of the country.
The degradation of democracy in India is intricately interlinked with infringements upon human rights, which have materialized due to various elements, including the ascendancy of Hindutva ideology. Violations of human rights, encompassing liberties such as freedom of expression, religious autonomy, and equitable rights for marginalized communities, engender critical apprehensions concerning the status of democracy and societal equity.
Hindutva’s emphasis on a Hindu-majoritarian identity undermines the secular and pluralistic values enshrined in India’s constitution. This has led to unequal treatment of religious communities, eroding the idea of a diverse and inclusive society.
The promotion of Hindutva has contributed to the polarization of Indian society along religious lines. This division fosters tensions, hostility, and discrimination among different religious communities, weakening the social fabric and hindering democratic dialogue.
The erosion of democracy is evident in the suppression of dissenting voices and the curtailment of freedom of expression. Individuals and groups critical of the government or Hindutva ideology often face harassment, legal action, or even violence.
Legislative changes, such as the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), have raised concerns about the unequal treatment of minority communities. These changes have the potential to strip citizenship rights from vulnerable groups based on their religion.
The erosion of democracy is exacerbated by threats to the independence of the judiciary. The appointment of judges with perceived ideological alignments, coupled with instances of interference, raises questions about the judiciary’s ability to uphold democratic values.
The media’s role in a democracy is pivotal, but its integrity is compromised when manipulated by vested interests. Disinformation campaigns, biased reporting, and self-censorship hinder the public’s access to accurate information, impacting their ability to make informed decisions.
Consequences of Democratic Principles and Human Rights
The rise of Hindutva ideology and the erosion of democratic values have led to the weakening of democratic institutions. The impartiality and autonomy of institutions such as the judiciary, election commission, and media have been compromised, affecting their ability to uphold democratic norms.
Hindutva’s exclusionary approach has resulted in the erosion of India’s rich religious and cultural diversity. The marginalization of religious minorities and attempts to homogenize culture challenge the essence of pluralism that democracy thrives on.
The erosion of democracy has led to a shrinking space for religious freedom and freedom of expression. Individuals and communities are deterred from practicing their religion freely, while dissenting voices face suppression and legal harassment.
The erosion of democratic principles disproportionately affects marginalized communities, including religious minorities, Dalits, and indigenous groups. These communities are often targeted, facing violence, discrimination, and socio-economic marginalization.
India’s international reputation as a democratic and diverse nation has been tarnished due to the erosion of democratic values and human rights violations. The rise of Hindutva and its associated consequences have raised concerns among global observers about the direction India is taking.
Case Studies: Examples of Democracy Erosion and Human Rights Violations
The Ayodhya dispute and the demolition of the Babri Masjid in 1992 exemplify how the rise of Hindutva ideology has led to communal violence and the destruction of religious sites, undermining the secular fabric of India.
The Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) and the National Register of Citizens (NRC) have sparked protests and concerns about the exclusion of religious minorities from citizenship. These policies further marginalize vulnerable communities.
Instances of mob violence, lynching, and attacks on religious minorities and Dalits showcase the human rights violations that have occurred in the context of the erosion of democracy and the rise of Hindutva ideology.
According to Kashmir Media services HR Violations in IIOJK includes:
| (From Jan 1989 till 30 Jun 2023) | |
| Total Killings | 96,213 |
| Custodial killings | 7,297 |
| Civilian arrested | 168,009 |
| Structures Arsoned/Destroyed | 110,500 |
| Women Widowed | 22,960 |
| Children Orphaned | 1,07,903 |
| Women gang-raped / Molested | 11,259 |
Sikhs in India have long faced discrimination and marginalization, often due to their distinct religious identity. This discrimination can manifest in various forms, including limited access to resources, educational and employment opportunities, and political representation. Sikh individuals and communities have been treated as second-class citizens, leading to social and economic disparities.
The erosion of democratic values has also affected academic and cultural freedoms. Instances of censorship and suppression of artistic expressions that challenge the dominant narrative are evident.
Inclusive and open dialogue between all sections of society, including marginalized communities, is essential for understanding grievances and finding common ground. Honest discussions can lead to constructive solutions that address the root causes of democratic erosion.
Strengthening legal safeguards for minority rights is crucial to ensure their protection within the democratic framework. Laws that uphold religious freedom, equality, and non-discrimination are vital in preventing further erosion of democratic values.
The restoration of democracy requires strengthening checks and balances within governance mechanisms. This includes ensuring an independent judiciary, transparent electoral processes, and accountable government institutions.
Media plays a pivotal role in shaping public opinion and holding those in power accountable. Upholding media integrity and unbiased reporting is essential to counter disinformation campaigns and promote informed civic engagement.
Hindutva’s influence, accompanied by the erosion of democratic values and human rights violations, has had profound consequences on India’s social fabric. The interplay of these factors has raised concerns about the nation’s direction.